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Acute Respiratory Infection, Including COVID-19, Management Policy

1. Introduction

This policy sets out how the service will prevent, identify and manage acute respiratory infections, including COVID-19, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory infections, while providing care and support in people’s own homes.

Respiratory infections may cause serious illness, particularly for older people, people with weakened immune systems, people with long-term health conditions and others who are clinically vulnerable. The service will apply proportionate, person-centred infection prevention and control measures based on the individual circumstances, symptoms, known or suspected infection, the care activity being undertaken and the risk of transmission.

The service will follow the current National Infection Prevention and Control Manual, Public Health Scotland health protection guidance, NHS Scotland advice, local NHS Board Health Protection Team advice and Care Inspectorate requirements. Archived pandemic guidance must not be used as current operational guidance.

Measures taken under this policy will respect each person’s rights, dignity, privacy, independence, preferences, communication needs and right to receive essential care. Infection prevention measures will not be used to impose unnecessary or disproportionate restrictions.

2. Definitions

For the purposes of this policy:

3. Policy Statement

The organisation is committed to:

The service will not rely on outdated pandemic controls where these are no longer recommended. Measures such as routine physical distancing, blanket face-mask use, routine asymptomatic testing and routine contact tracing will only be introduced where required by current national guidance, HPT advice, a clinical assessment or a documented local risk assessment.

4. Scope

This policy applies to all employees, managers, directors, agency workers, bank workers, contractors, students and volunteers involved in delivering or managing the service. It also explains the arrangements relevant to people receiving care, relatives, unpaid carers, representatives and visiting professionals.

The policy applies during:

It covers:

5. Legal and Regulatory Framework

This policy must be read and implemented in accordance with the legislation, standards and guidance applicable to the service, including:

Managers must verify at each formal review that the legislation, standards and guidance referred to within this policy remain current. Where national guidance or a regulatory requirement is amended or replaced, the current requirement or replacement guidance must be followed without waiting for the next scheduled policy review.

6. Infection prevention and control principles

Infection prevention and control decisions must be based on:

The hierarchy of controls must be considered before relying solely on PPE. This includes:

Any departure from national infection prevention guidance must be supported by a documented risk assessment, authorised through the organisation’s governance arrangements and reviewed regularly.

7. Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Measures

7.1 Personal Protective Equipment and Respiratory Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment must be selected and used in accordance with the current National Infection Prevention and Control Manual, Standard Infection Control Precautions, Transmission Based Precautions and a task-specific assessment of the risk of exposure.

Routine continuous use of face masks is not required solely because care is being provided in a person’s own home or because a person is clinically vulnerable. A mask or other respiratory protection must be used where indicated by the current National Infection Prevention and Control Manual, the infectious agent or suspected infectious agent, the care activity being undertaken, a local risk assessment or advice from the Health Protection Team or another competent clinical authority.

When a person is known or suspected to have a transmissible respiratory infection, staff must follow the current NIPCM requirements for mask selection and Transmission Based Precautions.

For respiratory infectious agents categorised by the NIPCM as R1, including COVID-19, seasonal influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus, staff must use the respiratory protection specified by the current NIPCM. A fluid-resistant surgical mask must be used where indicated. A member of staff may use respiratory protective equipment, such as an FFP3 or equivalent respirator, where this is advised by Occupational Health or another medical practitioner or where permitted by the NIPCM on the basis of personal choice.

Where an R2 or R3 respiratory infectious agent is suspected or confirmed, respiratory protective equipment must be worn in accordance with the current NIPCM. Where a high-consequence infectious disease is suspected, staff must not rely on this policy alone and must immediately follow the relevant national high-consequence infectious disease guidance and advice from the appropriate Health Protection Team.

Where tight-fitting respiratory protective equipment, including an FFP3 respirator, is required, the member of staff must have successfully completed appropriate face-fit testing for the make, model and size of respirator being used and must undertake a fit check each time it is worn.

Gloves must be worn only where indicated by the Standard Infection Control Precautions, including where there is a risk of contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, non-intact skin or contaminated items. Gloves must not be used as a substitute for hand hygiene and must be changed between care activities where required.

Disposable aprons or gowns and eye or face protection must be worn where indicated by the current NIPCM and according to the anticipated risk of contamination or exposure.

Staff must:

The organisation must ensure that suitable PPE and respiratory protective equipment are available when required and that staff receive appropriate information, instruction, training, fit testing and supervision.

7.2 Cleaning, Decontamination and Management of Care Equipment

Environmental cleaning and decontamination must be carried out in accordance with the current National Infection Prevention and Control Manual, the level of contamination, the infection risk presented and the care activity being undertaken.

Staff must:

Staff are not expected to impose unnecessary cleaning arrangements within a person’s own home. Any additional environmental cleaning introduced because of a suspected or confirmed infection must be proportionate to the identified risk, agreed with the person wherever possible and consistent with current national infection prevention and control guidance.

7.3 Ventilation and Physical Distancing

Good ventilation should be supported where this is safe, practicable and acceptable to the person receiving care.

Where appropriate, staff should encourage the use of natural or mechanical ventilation during care, particularly where a person has symptoms of a respiratory infection or where the care activity presents an increased respiratory transmission risk.

Windows or doors must not be opened where doing so would create another significant risk to the person, including a risk from cold, falls, reduced security, distress or another identified health or safety concern.

Routine physical distancing is not required during normal care delivery. Physical distancing may be introduced temporarily where this is required by current national guidance, advice from a Health Protection Team or another competent clinical authority, or a documented risk assessment.

Physical distancing must never prevent or unreasonably delay essential personal care, treatment, communication, emotional support or other necessary care and support.

8. Monitoring Health, Symptoms and Testing

8.1 Staff

Staff must remain alert to symptoms of acute respiratory infection in themselves and in the people they support.

Symptoms may include, but are not limited to:

Staff are not required to undertake routine testing for COVID-19 or another respiratory infection before starting work unless this is specifically required under current national guidance or they have been instructed to test by a healthcare professional, Health Protection Team or other competent clinical authority.

A staff member who develops respiratory symptoms must follow current NHS Inform advice and the organisation’s sickness and Occupational Health procedures.

Where a staff member has a high temperature or feels too unwell to undertake their normal activities or provide care safely, they must not attend work and must notify their line manager in accordance with the organisation’s absence-reporting procedure.

If respiratory symptoms develop while the staff member is at work, the staff member must:

The decision must take account of the staff member’s condition, the vulnerability and needs of the people receiving care, the type of duties being undertaken and the effectiveness of available infection prevention and control measures.

Staff may return to work when they feel well enough to resume their normal activities. In accordance with current national guidance, they should normally have been free from a high temperature for at least 48 hours without the use of medicines to reduce their temperature. Persistent symptoms must be considered as part of the return-to-work risk assessment, with particular attention where the worker provides care to a person who is severely immunocompromised.

Clinical, Occupational Health or Health Protection Team advice must be obtained where the appropriate action is unclear or the risk is complex.

8.2 People We Support

Staff must remain alert to new or worsening symptoms of acute respiratory infection and to unexplained deterioration in a person’s physical health or mental ability.

Where a person develops symptoms, staff must:

Essential care must not be withheld solely because a person has symptoms or a confirmed acute respiratory infection.

8.3 Testing

Routine asymptomatic testing and routine symptomatic COVID-19 testing of staff or people receiving care are not required unless current national guidance specifically introduces such testing.

Testing for a respiratory infection may be undertaken where:

Where testing is undertaken, staff must follow the instructions provided by the testing service or healthcare professional and ensure that any test result or related health information is recorded, used and shared only where necessary and lawful.

9. Responding to Suspected or Confirmed Acute Respiratory Infection

9.1 Person Receiving Care

Care delivered to people in their own homes is regarded as a lower-risk setting for the purposes of current national acute respiratory infection guidance, although individual people receiving care may have clinical conditions that place them at increased risk of severe illness.

Where a person receiving care has symptoms of an acute respiratory infection or has a confirmed respiratory infection, staff must continue to provide essential care and support.

The person should be supported, in accordance with current NHS Inform and Public Health Scotland advice, to remain at home and avoid unnecessary contact with other people while they have a fever or feel too unwell to carry out their usual activities.

The service must not impose care-home-style room isolation or other blanket restrictions on a person living in their own home.

Before providing care, staff must assess the infection risk and apply the appropriate Standard Infection Control Precautions and Transmission Based Precautions.

Where appropriate, the service may:

Any change must be proportionate, documented and reviewed and must not result in the withdrawal of essential care.

9.2 Linked Cases, Public Health Advice and Notifications

Routine contact tracing must not be undertaken by the service unless this is requested by a Health Protection Team or another authorised public health body.

Where two or more linked cases of acute respiratory infection occur, where there is a higher than expected number of cases associated with the service, or where a single case involves an infection presenting a significant public health risk, the manager must consider whether the circumstances meet the current definition of an infectious disease outbreak.

Where an outbreak is suspected or confirmed, the manager must:

Where the Health Protection Team requests identification of contacts, testing, symptom monitoring or other public health measures, the service must cooperate and implement those measures within the scope of its responsibilities.

9.3 Cleaning and Decontamination

Following care of a person with a suspected or confirmed acute respiratory infection, staff must clean and decontaminate care equipment and any surfaces for which the service has responsibility in accordance with the current NIPCM and the assessed risk.

Enhanced cleaning must be undertaken where required by the NIPCM, a documented risk assessment or advice from a Health Protection Team or Infection Prevention and Control Team.

Staff carrying out cleaning and decontamination must use the PPE appropriate to the task and dispose of waste through the correct waste stream.

10. Vaccination and Staff Health

10.1 Encouraging Vaccination

Our service recognises the importance of vaccination to protect staff and the people we support. While vaccination is ultimately a personal choice:

10.2 Ongoing Staff Training and Competence

The organisation must ensure that staff receive infection prevention and control training appropriate to their role and the care they provide.

Training must include, where relevant:

Training must be provided during induction and refreshed at intervals determined by the organisation’s training needs analysis, changes in guidance, identified practice concerns and staff competence.

Managers must ensure that staff can demonstrate competence in the infection prevention and control procedures they are required to carry out. Additional instruction, supervision or retraining must be provided where a competency concern is identified.

Records of training, competency assessment and any required refresher training must be maintained and made available for regulatory inspection when required.

11. Business Continuity, Resilience and Safe Staffing

The organisation must maintain a current business continuity and resilience plan for staffing pressures arising from acute respiratory infections, other infectious diseases or other events that may affect staff availability or service delivery.

The plan must support continued delivery of safe and essential care and must be consistent with the organisation’s duties under the Health and Care (Staffing) (Scotland) Act 2019.

The provider must ensure that, at all times, suitably qualified and competent individuals are working in the service in such numbers as are appropriate for:

Contingency measures may include:

The service must not respond to staffing shortages by routinely cancelling or materially reducing essential care without first completing and documenting an individual risk assessment and taking all reasonably practicable steps to secure safe continuity of support.

Any decision to alter a person’s planned care because of staffing pressures must:

Managers must ensure that staff are kept informed of changes to visits, infection risks and required precautions while protecting confidential personal and health information.

12. Documentation, Record-Keeping and Regulatory Notifications

The service must maintain clear, accurate, contemporaneous and secure records relating to acute respiratory infections and infection prevention and control.

Where relevant, records must include:

An infectious-disease outbreak must be notified to the Care Inspectorate using the applicable notification process within the required timescale. Where current Care Inspectorate guidance specifies a 24-hour timescale, the notification must be submitted within 24 hours.

The manager must check the current Care Inspectorate notification guidance when an outbreak or significant infection-related incident occurs, as notification categories and electronic reporting arrangements may change.

Where an initial notification is made before all information is available, the service must submit further or updated information when required.

Other statutory notifications or reports, including reports to the local Health Protection Team, Health and Safety Executive or other competent authority, must be made where the relevant legal reporting threshold is met.

Records containing personal or health information must be processed lawfully, kept secure, accessed only by authorised persons and retained and disposed of in accordance with the organisation’s records-management arrangements, the Data Protection Act 2018 and UK GDPR.

13. Communication with People Receiving Care, Families and External Agencies

People receiving care must be provided with clear, accurate and proportionate information about infection prevention and control measures that affect their care.

Where appropriate and subject to the person’s wishes, capacity, confidentiality and lawful information-sharing arrangements, relevant information may also be provided to their representative, family members, unpaid carers or other persons involved in their care.

The service must explain:

Information must be provided in a format and manner the person can understand. Communication support, interpretation, accessible information or involvement of an appropriate representative must be arranged where required.

Confidential information about another person receiving care or a member of staff must not be disclosed merely because an infection or outbreak has occurred.

Where a suspected or confirmed infectious-disease outbreak meets the applicable notification criteria, the manager must notify the Care Inspectorate within the required timescale and must contact the local NHS Board Health Protection Team or other public health service where required by current national or local arrangements.

The service must cooperate with the Care Inspectorate, Health Protection Team, NHS services, commissioners and other competent authorities in relation to infection incidents and outbreaks and must provide information lawfully requested for regulatory, clinical or public health purposes.

Staff must follow the advice of the Health Protection Team where additional temporary public health measures are required. Such measures must be communicated clearly to affected people and must be reviewed and removed as soon as they are no longer necessary.

14. Staff Responsibilities

15. Review of this Policy

This policy will be reviewed at least annually or sooner if there are significant changes in legislation or guidance. Any revisions will be communicated to staff and incorporated into training programmes where necessary.


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